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United States National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health

MEDLINE®/PubMed® Characters
This table contains the characters that may be found in XML files distributed to NLM's MEDLINE/PubMed licensees. Other characters may also reside in the full journal names found in the <Title> element and on the small percentage of records in PubMed that are not distributed to licensees.  See notes at the bottom of this page.
Character Unicode Code Unicode Name UTF Encoding
  0020   SPACE 20
! 0021   EXCLAMATION MARK 21
" 0022   QUOTATION MARK 22
# 0023   NUMBER SIGN 23
$ 0024   DOLLAR SIGN 24
% 0025   PERCENT SIGN 25
& 0026   AMPERSAND 26
' 0027   APOSTROPHE 27
( 0028   LEFT PARENTHESIS 28
) 0029   RIGHT PARENTHESIS 29
* 002A   ASTERISK 2A
+ 002B   PLUS SIGN 2B
, 002C   COMMA 2C
- 002D   HYPHEN-MINUS 2D
. 002E   FULL STOP 2E
/ 002F   SOLIDUS 2F
0 0030   DIGIT ZERO 30
1 0031   DIGIT ONE 31
2 0032   DIGIT TWO 32
3 0033   DIGIT THREE 33
4 0034   DIGIT FOUR 34
5 0035   DIGIT FIVE 35
6 0036   DIGIT SIX 36
7 0037   DIGIT SEVEN 37
8 0038   DIGIT EIGHT 38
9 0039   DIGIT NINE 39
: 003A   COLON 3A
; 003B   SEMICOLON 3B
< 003C   LESS-THAN SIGN 3C
= 003D   EQUALS SIGN 3D
> 003E   GREATER-THAN SIGN 3E
? 003F   QUESTION MARK 3F
@ 0040   COMMERCIAL AT 40
A 0041   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A 41
B 0042   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B 42
C 0043   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C 43
D 0044   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D 44
E 0045   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E 45
F 0046   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F 46
G 0047   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G 47
H 0048   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H 48
I 0049   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I 49
J 004A   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J 4A
K 004B   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K 4B
L 004C   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L 4C
M 004D   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M 4D
N 004E   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N 4E
O 004F   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O 4F
P 0050   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P 50
Q 0051   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q 51
R 0052   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R 52
S 0053   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S 53
T 0054   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T 54
U 0055   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U 55
V 0056   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V 56
W 0057   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W 57
X 0058   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X 58
Y 0059   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y 59
Z 005A   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z 5A
[ 005B   LEFT SQUARE BRACKET 5B
\ 005C   REVERSE SOLIDUS 5C
] 005D   RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET 5D
_ 005F   LOW LINE 5F
a 0061   LATIN SMALL LETTER A 61
b 0062   LATIN SMALL LETTER B 62
c 0063   LATIN SMALL LETTER C 63
d 0064   LATIN SMALL LETTER D 64
e 0065   LATIN SMALL LETTER E 65
f 0066   LATIN SMALL LETTER F 66
g 0067   LATIN SMALL LETTER G 67
h 0068   LATIN SMALL LETTER H 68
i 0069   LATIN SMALL LETTER I 69
j 006A   LATIN SMALL LETTER J 6A
k 006B   LATIN SMALL LETTER K 6B
l 006C   LATIN SMALL LETTER L 6C
m 006D   LATIN SMALL LETTER M 6D
n 006E   LATIN SMALL LETTER N 6E
o 006F   LATIN SMALL LETTER O 6F
p 0070   LATIN SMALL LETTER P 70
q 0071   LATIN SMALL LETTER Q 71
r 0072   LATIN SMALL LETTER R 72
s 0073   LATIN SMALL LETTER S 73
t 0074   LATIN SMALL LETTER T 74
u 0075   LATIN SMALL LETTER U 75
v 0076   LATIN SMALL LETTER V 76
w 0077   LATIN SMALL LETTER W 77
x 0078   LATIN SMALL LETTER X 78
y 0079   LATIN SMALL LETTER Y 79
z 007A   LATIN SMALL LETTER Z 7A
{ 007B   LEFT CURLY BRACKET 7B
| 007C   VERTICAL BAR (FILL) / VERTICAL LINE 7C
} 007D   RIGHT CURLY BRACKET 7D
~ 007E   TILDE 7E
¿ 00BF   INVERTED QUESTION MARK C2,BF
Ø 00D8   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE C3,98
à 00E0   LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE C3,A0
á 00E1   LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE C3,A1
â 00E2   LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX C3,A2
ã 00E3   LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE C3,A3
ä 00E4   LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS C3,A4
å 00E5   LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE C3,A5
ç 00E7   LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA C3,A7
è 00E8   LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE C3,A8
é 00E9   LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE C3,A9
ê 00EA   LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX C3,AA
ë 00EB   LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS C3,AB
ì 00EC   LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE C3,AC
í 00ED   LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE C3,AD
î 00EE   LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX C3,AE
ï 00EF   LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS C3,AF
ñ 00F1   LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE C3,B1
ò 00F2   LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE C3,B2
ó 00F3   LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE C3,B3
ô 00F4   LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX C3,B4
õ 00F5   LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE C3,B5
ö 00F6   LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS C3,B6
ø 00F8   LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE C3,B8
ù 00F9   LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE C3,B9
ú 00FA   LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE C3,BA
û 00FB   LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX C3,BB
ü 00FC   LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS C3,BC
ý 00FD   LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE C3,BD
ÿ 00FF   LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS C3,BF
ā 0101   LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON C4,81
ă 0103   LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE C4,83
ć 0107   LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE C4,87
ĉ 0109   LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX C4,89
ē 0113   LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON C4,93
ĕ 0115   LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH BREVE C4,95
ĝ 011D   LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX C4,9D
ğ 011F   LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE C4,9F
ģ 0123   LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA C4,A3
ĥ 0125   LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX C4,A5
ĩ 0129   LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE C4,A9
ī 012B   LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON C4,AB
ĭ 012D   LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH BREVE C4,AD
ĵ 0135   LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX C4,B5
ķ 0137   LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA C4,B7
ĺ 013A   LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH ACUTE C4,BA
ļ 013C   LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA C4,BC
Ł 0141   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE C5,81
ł 0142   LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE C5,82
ń 0144   LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE C5,84
ņ 0146   LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA C5,86
ō 014D   LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON C5,8D
ŏ 014F   LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH BREVE C5,8F
ŕ 0155   LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE C5,95
ŗ 0157   LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CEDILLA C5,97
ś 015B   LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE C5,9B
ŝ 015D   LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX C5,9D
ş 015F   LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA C5,9F
ţ 0163   LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CEDILLA C5,A3
ũ 0169   LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE C5,A9
ū 016B   LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON C5,AB
ŭ 016D   LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH BREVE C5,AD
ů 016F   LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE C5,AF
ŵ 0175   LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX C5,B5
ŷ 0177   LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX C5,B7
ź 017A   LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE C5,BA
ẁ 1E81   LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH GRAVE E1,BA,81
ẃ 1E83   LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH ACUTE E1,BA,83
ẅ 1E85   LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DIAERESIS E1,BA,85
ỳ 1EF3   LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE E1,BB,B3

Notes:

  1. The INVERTED QUESTION MARK (¿) represents a questionable character found as a result of NLM's conversion from its legacy extended EBCDIC character set to UNICODE UTF-8.
  2. Use of right and left curly brackets began in January 2005.
 

Last updated: 21 December 2005
First published: 27 September 1999
Metadata| Permanence level: Permanent: Dynamic Content