CHAPTER 26 INDEXING PRINCIPLES FOR CATEGORY E
(ANALYTICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT)
26.1 Category E is the MeSH category for techniques and equipment:
diagnostic, therapeutic, surgical, anesthetic, dental, investigative and
miscellaneous techniques and instruments, appliances or equipment.
26.2 Techniques are discussed in almost every article indexed. A
technique will be indexed under the following circumstances:
-If the technique is mentioned in the title or statement of purpose
for the article.
-If the technique is described in the text as having a bearing on the results of
the study.
-If the technique is discussed in the text of the article.
-If the technique discussed in the article would be useful to a researcher
interested in that technique, even though the specific subject of the article
might not be of interest to that researcher (in other words, if the technique
has wide application beyond the article.)
26.2.1 The concepts covered in Chapters 21 through 25, (organs, organisms,
diseases, drugs and chemicals) are normally indexed as IM concepts. In
comparison, concepts from Category E (laboratory methods or techniques) are
often indexed as NIM concepts, if at all.
This will not hold true all the time, for many times (especially in
clinical articles) the point of the article is a specific procedure, and in
those cases that procedure should be an IM concept.
26.2.2 When deciding whether to make a Category E term an IM concept, it
may be helpful to consider the following:
-Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques are more likely to be IM
concepts than are techniques used in research.
Any technique discussed as new or especially unusual will probably
be an IM concept.
In a journal devoted to a technique, the technique is often an IM
concept (even if it is commonly seen in other journals as an NIM concept).
If the technique is in the title and/or statement of
purpose for an article, and is especially discussed in the results section as
being important, it may be an IM concept.
26.2.3 Frequently, techniques are third-tier and as such should not be
indexed at all. See section 20.11 for a discussion of first-, second-, and
third-tier as it relates to indexing.
For example: x-rays are routinely taken in the diagnosis of
fractures; biopsies are routinely obtained in cancer diagnosis; PCR and
molecular cloning are routinely performed in genetics and flow cytometry in
immunology articles; and the assay techniques are routinely mentioned in
chemistry articles. Unless especially discussed, or in the title or statement
of purpose, such routine concepts should not be indexed at all.
26.2.4 Do not confuse the subject of the study with the methods used in
performing it. The research subject should be made IM, but the techniques are
usually NIM.
For example, an article on the effect of epilepsy on hemoglobin
levels is indexed as
EPILEPSY / * blood
HEMOGLOBINS / * metab
Not: * HEMOGLOBINOMETRY
If the author discusses the method of measuring the hemoglobin
levels, the indexer may add HEMOGLOBINOMETRY as an NIM concept, but if the
method is merely mentioned, it should not even be indexed.
Similarly, an article about the effect of isoniazid on kidney
function is indexed as
ISONIAZID / * pharmacol
ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS / * pharmacol
KIDNEY / * drug eff (/ physiol)
Not: * KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS
The article is not about kidney function tests as a concept, but
rather about the effects of the drug on the kidney. Again, KIDNEY FUNCTION
TESTS or an indention may be added NIM if discussed.
In other words, if the research technique is only a method of
demonstrating the point of the article, the technique should not be made IM. If
it is in the title or statement of purpose or is sub- stantively discussed, it
is second-tier and should be indexed NIM. If it is merely mentioned, it is
third-tier and should not be in- dexed at all. (Exceptions to this policy are
made for tissue culture and epidemiologic methods only; see sections 26.23+ and
26.27+.)
26.2.4.1 In the previous examples, MeSH headings were available to cover both
the subject of the study and the technique used in performing it. Occasionally,
however, in an article on a physiologic concept, there is no term to cover that
concept, but there is a similar Category E term available. Conversely, there
may be a physiology term available when what is desired is a technique term. In
such a case, the term from the wrong tree may be used, but it should be NIM.
Neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 in AIDS patients.
HIV-1 / * immunol
HIV ANTIBODIES / * immunol
AIDS / * immunol
NEUTRALIZATION TESTS
(Here the article was about "neutralizing antibodies", but
that term does not exist in MeSH. Instead, the term for the process used to
show the neutralizing activity was indexed.)
Gene therapy for brain tumors using intra-tumoral transduction
with the thymidine kinase gene.
BRAIN NEOPLASMS / * ther
GENE THERAPY / * methods
THYMIDINE KINASE / * genet
TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC
(Here the article was about transduction as a technique, but
the MeSH heading is only in Category G as a genetic process.)
26.3 The subheadings available for use with terms in Category E are:
/adv eff /parasitol (E7 only)
/class /psychol
/contra /rad eff (-ographies only)
/drug eff (-ographies only) /rehabil (E4 only)
/econ /stand
/hist /statist
/instrum (not E7) /supply (E7 only)
/man (E6 only) /trends
/methods (not E7) /util
/microbiol (E7 only) /vet
/mortal (not E7) /virol (E7 only)
/nurs (not E7)
26.3.1 Many subheadings listed above are not AQs for all terms or
subcategories within Category E; for example, /drug eff is limited to articles
on techniques classified as "-ographies" by MeSH (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY,
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, etc.)
26.3.2 In addition, although some of the subheadings are available for use
with many of the terms in Category E, they may not actually be used in indexing
very frequently. For example, /class may be used on terms in any of the
subcategories, but it is rare for us to see articles on the classification of
procedures or equipment.
26.3.3 In addition to the subheadings listed in section 26.3, SPECIALTY
subheadings, e.g., /educ, /legis, and /organ, are permitted with a few
techniques which could also be considered medical specialties.
Undergraduate education in dental implantology.
DENTAL IMPLANTATION / * educ
* EDUCATION, DENTAL
26.3.4 Quite a few of the general terms in this category have equivalent or
near equivalent subheadings available (see section 19.7+). Examples include:
DIAGNOSIS and /diag, RADIOGRAPHY and /radiogr, and SURGICAL PROCEDURES,
OPERATIVE and /surg.
Reserve the main headings for general articles only; when indexing
an article on a specific topic with which the subheading can be used, always use
the subheading.
Use of radiotherapy in Botswana.
RADIOTHERAPY / * util
BOTSWANA
Radiotherapy of uterine neoplasms.
UTERINE NEOPLASMS / * radiother
HUMAN (check tag)
FEMALE (check tag)
Not: RADIOTHERAPY (either IM or NIM)
26.3.4.1 As discussed in section 19.7.4 to 19.7.7, however, if one of these
subheadings seems itself to require a subheading, the general main heading
equivalent may be indexed with the subheading required, but the combination must
be made NIM.
Adverse effects of uterine cancer radiotherapy.
UTERINE NEOPLASMS / * radiother
RADIOTHERAPY / adv eff
HUMAN (check tag)
FEMALE (check tag)
26.3.4.2 When indexing a specific technique available in MeSH indented under
one of the general main heading equivalents of a subheading, use that subheading
on the disease or organ indexed.
Pituitary irradiation for pituitary neoplasms.
* PITUITARY IRRADIATION
PITUITARY NEOPLASMS / * radiother
(PITUITARY IRRADIATION is indented under RADIOTHERAPY.)
Adverse effects of mammography in the diagnosis of breast
cancer.
MAMMOGRAPHY/ * adv eff
BREAST NEOPLASMS / * radiogr
HUMAN (check tag)
FEMALE (check tag)
(MAMMOGRAPHY is indented under RADIOGRAPHY.)
26.3.5 The subheading /adv eff is an AQ for most terms in Category E, since
most diagnostic and therapeutic procedures can produce side effects.
Adverse effects of lymphography.
LYMPHOGRAPHY / * adv eff
26.3.5.1 Sometimes the material used in a procedure, rather than the
procedure itself, produces the adverse reaction.
Adverse effects of contrast media during lymphography.
CONTRAST MEDIA / * adv eff
* LYMPHOGRAPHY
26.3.5.2 If it is not possible to tell from the article whether the adverse
effect is from the material or the procedure, use /adv eff on both.
Steel pins in intramedullary nailing causing bone necrosis.
STEEL / * adv eff
BONE NAILS / * adv eff
OSTEONECROSIS / * etiol
FRACTURE FIXATION, INTRAMEDULLARY / * adv eff / instrum
26.3.6 The subheading /contra (for "contraindications", or when a procedure
should not be performed) is also an AQ for most terms in Category E.
Magnetic resonance imaging causes pacemaker malfunction and
should be avoided in patients with pacemakers.
MRI / * contra
* PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL
EQUIPMENT FAILURE
26.3.6.1 Discussions of /contra frequently appear in studies of /adv eff,
because preventing likely adverse effects is usually what makes a procedure
contraindicated. Whether to use /adv eff, /contra, or both depends on whether
both are discussed or just one of them.
Side effects of thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism in
elderly patients.
(Author also discusses whether or not it should be used.)
PULMONARY EMBOLISM / * drug ther
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY / * adv eff / contra
HUMAN (check tag)
AGED (check tag)
26.3.7 Articles on procedures can discuss methods (/methods) or equipment
(/instrum) or both. It is possible to use both subheadings on the procedure, or
one of them, or neither if there is no real discussion of either.
Techniques used in laser resection of neoplastic solitary
pulmonary nodules.
LASER SURGERY / * methods
PULMONARY NODULE, SOLITARY / * surg
LUNG NEOPLASMS / * surg
Various types of lasers used in the operative treatment of
patients with tuberculosis of the lungs.
LASER SURGERY / * instrum
TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY / * surg
Various laser modalities and equipment in the treatment of
cutaneous basal cell carcinomas.
LASER SURGERY / * methods / * instrum
SKIN NEOPLASMS / * surg
CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL / * surg
Efficacy of laser iridotomy in patients with primary angle-
closure glaucoma.
* LASER SURGERY
IRIS / * surg
GLAUCOMA, ANGLE-CLOSURE / * surg
26.3.7.1 If a MeSH heading exists for a technique, but the article is about a
variation of that technique which does not exist in MeSH, index the technique
with the subheading /methods to cover the variation (even if methods are not
particularly discussed).
Fine-needle myelography. Usefulness in assessing lumbar spinal
cord compression.
MYELOGRAPHY / * methods
SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION / * radiogr
LUMBAR REGION
26.3.8 The subheading /stand is used with Category E terms for articles
discussing not only "standards" but also "quality". The subheading
is not used for the evaluation of the effectiveness of a procedure.
Guidelines for the performance of enteral and parenteral
nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. American Society for Parenteral and
Enteral Nutrition.
ENTERAL NUTRITION / * stand
PARENTERAL NUTRITION / * stand
ADULT (check tag)
CHILD (check tag)
HUMAN (check tag)
PRACTICE GUIDELINE (PT)
Study of the effectiveness of mammography in detecting tiny
breast tumors.
BREAST NEOPLASMS / * radiogr
* MAMMOGRAPHY
EVALUATION STUDIES
HUMAN (check tag)
FEMALE (check tag)
Not: MAMMOGRAPHY / * stand
26.3.9 The subheading /util is used with Category E techniques for studies
on how much they are used, not for how they are used in diagnosis or therapy.
It is by nature a statistical concept.
The use of pacemakers in the treatment of ventricular
tachycardia.
(A review of the indications for pacemakers)
TACHYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR / * ther
* PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL
Not: PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL / * util
If an article on utilization presents a number of statistics, the
subheading /statist may be used as well, but should be NIM with /util as the IM
subheading.
Statistics on the use of pacemakers in Switzerland.
PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL / * util / statist
SWITZERLAND
26.4 Radiographic techniques are used commonly in clinical studies.
Although the term RADIOGRAPHY is available in MeSH, it should be indexed IM only
for very general articles on x-ray diagnosis, because many specific radiographic
techniques are available as MeSH headings, and the subheading /radiogr can be
used with organs and diseases.
26.4.1 Since radiography is used so frequently, many precoordinated MeSH
headings are available for the radiography of specific organs. For example,
BLOOD VESSELS/radiogr should be indexed as ANGIOGRAPHY; BILE DUCTS/radiogr
should be indexed as CHOLANGIOGRAPHY, etc.
If such a precoordinated term is available, the ANNOTATED MeSH gives
that information at the entry for the organ; for example, the entry at AORTA
states "AORTA/radiography see AORTOGRAPHY".
Online indexers are reminded by the online indexing system when they
use the subheading /radiogr on an organ for which a specific radiographic
technique is available. Using the example given above, if an indexer tried to
input
AORTA / radiogr
the indexing system would respond with the message:
+++ERROR+++ AORTA/radiogr must be replaced by AORTOGRAPHY and
possible subheading
26.4.2 When a precoordinated term is available to cover the radiography of
a general organ system, but the indexer needs to cover the radiography of a more
specific organ, the subheading /radiogr should be used on the specific organ and
the general radiographic term should not be added.
Radiography of the renal veins.
RENAL VEINS / * radiogr
Not: PHLEBOGRAPHY
26.4.2.1 If, however, the subheading /radiogr seems itself to require a
subheading, the general radiographic term may be indexed with that desired
subheading, but the combination must be made NIM (see section 19.7.7).
Adverse effects of renal vein radiography.
RENAL VEINS / * radiogr
PHLEBOGRAPHY / adv eff
26.4.3 When indexing the x-ray diagnosis or x-ray appearance of a disease,
index only the disease with the subheading /radiogr and do not also add the
involved organ, either with the subheading /radiogr or as a pre-coordinated
heading, unless the organ or procedure is specifically discussed.
X-ray diagnosis of gallbladder disease.
GALLBLADDER DISEASES / * radiogr
Not: * CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY
X-ray diagnosis of liver diseases.
LIVER DISEASES / * radiogr
Not: LIVER / * radiogr
But: Cholangiography in the diagnosis of bile duct disease.
BILE DUCT DISEASES / * radiogr
* CHOLANGIOGRAPHY
And: Radiography of the heart in the diagnosis of congestive
heart failure.
HEART / * radiogr
HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE / * radiogr
26.5 RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING, (also called SCINTIGRAPHY or RADIOISOTOPE
SCANNING) is another commonly-used method of diagnostic imaging. Because it is
so frequently seen, a subheading (/radionuclide) is available for use with
organs and diseases.
In general, the same rules used for RADIOGRAPHY and /radiogr apply
to RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING and /radionuclide, but there are fewer precoordinated
MeSH headings available for the radionuclide imaging of specific organs, so it
is more likely that the subheading /radionuclide will be used.
26.5.1 When indexing articles on radionuclide imaging, the radioisotope
used is frequently relevant and if so should be indexed with the subheading
/diag use (either IM or NIM depending upon its importance).
Myocardial ischemia detected by thallium scintigraphy.
MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA / * radionuclide
THALLIUM RADIOISOTOPES / * diag use
26.5.2 Radioisotopes used in imaging are frequently administered in the
form of "radiopharmaceuticals". These are composed of a radioisotope attached
to a drug which, because of its pharmacokinetic properties, tends to accumulate
preferentially in certain organs of the body. By using this drug, the
radioisotope will be delivered to those organs, which can then be imaged. Index
the radioisotope as above, and add the drug with the subheading /diag use (IM or
NIM depending upon its significance).
Tumor imaging with iodine-125 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine in
patients with colorectal cancer.
COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS / * radionuclide
IODINE RADIOISOTOPES / * diag use
IDOXURIDINE / * diag use
The role of iodine-123-Tyr-3-octreotide scintigraphy in the
evaluation of lung neoplasms.
IODINE RADIOISOTOPES / * diag use
Tyr-3-octreotide / * diag use
LUNG NEOPLASMS / * radionuclide
(Tyr-3-octreotide is an entry in the MeSH Chemical File)
26.5.3 One of the radioisotopes commonly used in imaging is technetium 99m.
Technetium compounds are different from other radiopharmaceuticals; the
technetium is actually part of the compound, not just attached to it. The
indexing of technetium radiopharmaceuticals is therefore different from the
instructions given above, as the drug is not indexed separately from the
technetium.
Many specific technetium compounds are available as MeSH headings.
In addition, the term ORGANOTECHNETIUM COMPOUNDS is available. Although most
indexers will never use that term because most articles are about specific
compounds, the term is important because of the many technetium
radiopharmaceuticals in the Chemical File. Compounds in the Chemical File at
"technetium Tc 99m" or "Tc-99m" are already mapped (the HM) to ORGANOTECHNETIUM
COMPOUNDS, so the indexer must not add TECHNETIUM. Any technetium
radiopharmaceutical which is not available in MeSH or the Chemical File should
be flagged (again, the indexer must not index TECHNETIUM).
Technetium 99 HMPAO scanning in appendicitis.
APPENDICITIS / * radionuclide
Tc-99m-HMPAO / * diag use
26.6 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (with a DF abbreviation of MRI) is
another common imaging technique. There is no subheading available in MeSH to
cover this technique, however, so the indexer must index the term itself.
MRI can be used in two ways to study disease:
- If the MRI is used to see whether a disease exists, the
subheading /diag should be used on the disease term indexed.
- If the MRI is used to determine the extent of a previously
diagnosed disease, the subheading /pathol should be used on the disease.
In both instances, the subheading /pathol should be used on the
organ imaged. If a non-diseased organ is imaged, the subheading used on it
should be /anat.
Diagnosis of a tumor in the hippocampus using magnetic
resonance imaging.
HIPPOCAMPUS / * pathol
BRAIN NEOPLASMS / * diag
MRI
Brain atrophy in Huntington's disease: an MRI study.
HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE / * pathol
BRAIN / * pathol
ATROPHY / pathol
MRI
26.6.1 A term which should be differentiated from MAGNETIC RESONANCE
IMAGING is MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY see NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (which
has a DF abbreviation of NMR). The difference between the concepts is that MRI
demonstrates the internal anatomy of an organ, and NMR is a spectroscopic
procedure used to demonstrate the presence of chemicals. The correct subheading
on the organ will therefore be /chem or /metab, coordinated with /metab on any
disease studied.
If the author uses the term "magnetic resonance spectroscopy" but
the article is really about the imaging of an organ, the indexer should index
MRI as the more specific concept.
26.7 LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES is reserved for general
articles only, such as "Medicare coverage of laboratory diagnosis" or "The
comparative value of diagnostic imaging and laboratory diagnosis". Such
articles are fairly infrequent.
Mechanisms of reimbursing for laboratory diagnosis.
* REIMBURSEMENT MECHANISMS
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES / * econ
Aside from diagnostic imaging, most diagnosis of disease relies on
laboratory procedures, so for most articles only the specific procedure should
be indexed.
Laboratory diagnosis of hemochromatosis based on blood copper
levels.
HEMOCHROMATOSIS / * diag / blood
COPPER / * blood
Not: LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES (IM or NIM)
26.8 ENZYME TESTS is used for the measurement of enzymes in the diagnosis
of a disease. Coordinate ENZYME TESTS with the subheading /diag on the disease,
not /enzymol (and not /blood, /csf, or /urine if that is where the enzymes are
measured). Do not use ENZYME TESTS for all studies on the determination of
enzyme levels in a disease, only for those articles in which elevated or reduced
levels are discussed as allowing the diagnosis of the disease.
The following examples show the use of ENZYME TESTS versus /enzymol.
Liver enzymes in gout.
LIVER / * enzymol
GOUT / * enzymol
Enzyme tests in gout.
GOUT / * diag
* ENZYME TESTS
Diagnosis of gout based on liver enzymes.
LIVER / * enzymol
GOUT / * diag
ENZYME TESTS
26.8.1 Do not use ENZYME TESTS for studies in which exogenous enzymes are
used in diagnosis. In these studies, the enzymes should be indexed with the
subheading /diag use (if they are administered) or with no subheading (if they
are used merely as reagents).
Diagnosis of gonorrhea using the ligase chain reaction for
specific detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
GONORRHEA / * diag
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE / * isol (possibly /genet too)
DNA LIGASES (no sub; IM or NIM depending on the article)
GENE AMPLIFICATION / methods (IM or NIM as per article)
Early detection and measurement of experimental myocardial
infarcts in rabbits using intravenous horseradish peroxidase.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCT / * diag
HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE / * diag use
INJECTIONS, INTRAVENOUS
RABBITS (check tag)
ANIMAL (check tag)
26.9 SEROLOGIC TESTS are diagnostic procedures involving the measurement
of some immune compound such as an antibody. It should be indexed as the /diag
of the disease in question, not its /immunol.
Diagnosis of hepatitis B by measurement of blood levels of
antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen.
HEPATITIS B / * diag
HEPATITIS B ANTIBODIES / * blood
HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS / * immunol
SEROLOGIC TESTS
26.9.1 SEROLOGIC TESTS as an IM concept is reserved for general articles
only. Index an article on the serodiagnosis of a specific disease as above,
using the disease with the subheading /*diag, coordinated with SEROLOGIC TESTS
(NIM). Quite frequently, however, a specific serodiagnostic technique is given,
and that technique should be indexed instead of the general term SEROLOGIC
TESTS; check the Trees for indentions under SEROLOGIC TESTS.
Serodiagnosis of typhus using complement fixation tests.
TYPHUS / * diag
* COMPLEMENT FIXATION TESTS
26.9.2 When an author uses the word "serologic," it may refer not to
serodiagnosis but rather to other serologic studies of immune compounds in the
disease; check carefully to see whether the serologic methods are being used in
diagnosis or if they are being used to demonstrate the state of the immune
system in the disease (if so, use /immunol on the disease).
26.9.3 Serology is also used in determining the epidemiology of a disease
(usually infectious) by seeing how many individuals have developed antibodies to
the disease or the disease organism. Index such articles as the /epidemiol of
the disease in question. A common coordinate is the term SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC
METHODS.
Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B in Hungary.
HEPATITIS B ANTIBODIES / * blood
HEPATITIS B / * epidemiol
HUNGARY / epidemiol
PREVALENCE
SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS
26.9.4 The MeSH term SEROLOGY is reserved for the immunologic specialty of
serology.
26.10 HEMATOLOGIC TESTS are tests used to study the morphology and
functioning of the blood cells. The term should not be used for all studies
done on the blood, such as determination of blood levels of various compounds.
Note the indentions in the Trees under the term HEMATOLOGIC TESTS to see the
type of test covered by the concept.
26.11 "Histochemistry" or "cytochemistry" in a title can mean two things;
it can mean merely the chemistry of a particular tissue or cell, or it can mean
the specific technique available as the MeSH heading HISTOCYTOCHEMISTRY.
HISTOCYTOCHEMISTRY means the localization of compounds in tissue
(histochemistry) or cells (cytochemistry) using microscopic or electron
microscopic methods. In other words, the article will show pictures of a given
tissue, with the chemicals of interest visible in the pictures (through
staining, autoradiography, etc.).
26.11.1 HISTOCYTOCHEMISTRY should be indexed IM for articles on the field of
histochemistry or cytochemistry (such as manpower, education, etc.). More
often, however, it is merely the research technique for a specific study; in
such cases, it should be indexed NIM following the rules given below, or ignored
completely if third-tier.
26.11.2 HISTOCYTOCHEMISTRY and its indentions should only be indexed for
articles using the microscopic methods of localizing compounds described in
26.11; it should not be a routine coordinate for all studies on the chemistry
of various tissues (adequately indexed by using the subheading /chem on the
tissue studied).
The chemistry of liver cells.
LIVER / * chem / cytol
Not: HISTOCYTOCHEMISTRY
But: Demonstration of the presence of ATP in the liver using
histochemical methods.
(Pictures of the liver are shown with the ATP as dark spots.)
LIVER / * chem
ATP / * anal
HISTOCYTOCHEMISTRY
26.11.3 As can be seen from the example above, the normal indexing of
HISTOCYTOCHEMISTRY and its indentions is to use /chem on the organ, tissue, or
cell in which the chemical is located, and /anal on any compound whose presence
is demonstrated.
Since /chem is not an AQ for nonneoplastic diseases, the subheading
used on any disease (except for those in Category C4) will probably be /metab.
If the author presents the histochemistry as a method of diagnosing the disease,
/diag may be used instead.
Glycosaminoglycan content of joint cartilage in normal adults
and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Periodic acid-Schiff studies.
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS / * anal
CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR / * chem
ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID / * metab
PERIODIC ACID-SCHIFF REACTION
REFERENCE VALUES
HUMAN (check tag)
ADULT (check tag)
Immunocytochemistry of synaptophysin in the diagnosis of
nervous system tumors.
SYNAPTOPHYSIN / * anal
NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS / * diag
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
26.11.3.1 Occasionally the histochemical techniques are used to show how a
drug or disease changes the levels of a compound in a tissue or organ; in such
cases, the subheading used on the compound as well as the tissue or organ will
be /metab. See also sections 19.10.1, 19.10.2, and 19.10.4 for a discussion of
/anal and /chem versus /metab.
26.11.3.2 When histochemical methods are used to show an enzyme or immune
compound in an organ, tissue, or cell, the correct subheading on the anatomic
term (as well as any disease studied) will be /enzymol or /immunol,
respectively, rather than /chem. The subheading on the compound will still be
/anal.
CEA immunofluorescence in amelanotic malignant melanoma of the
anal canal.
CEA / * anal
MELANOMA, AMELANOTIC / * immunol
ANUS NEOPLASMS / * immunol
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE
26.11.3.3 HISTOCYTOCHEMISTRY and its indentions can also be used as a method
in pathology; by staining certain compounds, the structure of the tissue can be
demonstrated more easily. In such cases, use the subheading /pathol on the
tissue and only add /chem if the chemistry is also discussed. The subheading
/anal should still be used on any chemical indexed.
Immunohistochemical assessment of PCNA levels as a measure of
proliferative activity in adrenocortical neoplasms.
(PCNA stands for "proliferating cell nuclear antigen", a
marker of cell division.)
ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS / * pathol
PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN / * anal
CELL DIVISION
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
26.12 MICROSCOPY should be indexed rarely, only for general articles on
light microscopy or studies comparing routine light microscopy with another kind
of microscopy. Do not index every article on /anat, /cytol, or /pathol with the
heading MICROSCOPY. Since this is the routine technique used in such studies,
it is usually third-tier (see section 26.2.3).
26.12.1 MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON is available for articles on ultrastructural
studies; however, as with MICROSCOPY, it is often third-tier unless especially
discussed, in the title or statement of purpose for the article, or if
significant numbers of micrographs appear in the article.
Ultrastructure of Salmonella.
SALMONELLA/ * ultrastruct
Not: MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON (IM or NIM) unless especially
discussed, or if many micrographs in the article
Electron microscopic studies of Salmonella.
SALMONELLA / * ultrastruct
MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON
26.12.2 Other MeSH headings are available for specific types of microscopy
(see the Trees for indentions under MICROSCOPY). These are less likely to be
third-tier than either MICROSCOPY or MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, but are still
unlikely to be IM concepts except for general articles or articles from journals
specifically devoted to microscopy.
26.12.3 PHOTOMICROGRAPHY, defined in Dorland's Illustrated Medical
Dictionary, 28th Edition as "the photograph(y) of a minute object as seen under
the light microscope...", should not be indexed for every article showing a
photograph of a microscopic image, even when labelled by the author as a
"photomicrograph." Save the term instead for articles on photomicrography as a
technique, such as "Hints on surgical photomicrography" or "The use of color
reference area masking in photomicrography." Photomicrographs in an article
should be indexed only with the appropriate MICROSCOPY heading if the technique
needs to be indexed at all.
26.13 DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL as a general or IM concept is seldom
encountered in the literature we index. Our articles are almost always about
the differential diagnosis of a specific disease or the differentiation between
two or more diseases.
DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL will be indexed not only for articles using
the expression "differential diagnosis" itself, but also for the expressions
"simulating" or "resembling".
26.13.1 Index the differential diagnosis of a disease using the subheading
/diag or a specific indention (IM), coordinated with DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL
(NIM).
Differential diagnosis of epilepsy.
EPILEPSY / * diag
DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL
Epilepsy simulating heart arrest.
EPILEPSY / * diag
HEART ARREST / * diag
DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL
Ultrasonography in the differentiation of ovarian cysts and
appendicitis.
OVARIAN CYSTS / * ultrasonogr
APPENDICITIS / * ultrasonogr
DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL
HUMAN (check tag)
FEMALE (check tag)
26.13.2 The expression "presenting as" may mean DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL (or
even DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS) if the article is about a patient who appears to have
("presents as") a disease different from the actual one. However, "presenting
as" more frequently means that one disease causes another, more apparent,
disease with which the patient presents.
Diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma presenting as
splenomegaly.
(The patient came in with obvious splenomegaly; the article
was about determining its cause.)
SPLENOMEGALY / * etiol
LYMPHOMA, SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC / * diag / compl
26.13.3 In traditional Chinese medicine the term "differentiation of
symptoms and signs" is indexed as follows:
* DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL
* MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL
Outside of traditional Chinese medicine it is rare to have articles
on DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL as a general concept to be made IM.
26.14 Occasionally an author uses the expression "diagnosis of" in
reference to a symptom. Examples include: "Diagnosis of headache" or
"Diagnosis of cough". In these cases, the subheading /diag should not be used
on the heading for the symptom, because what is being diagnosed is its
underlying cause. If any causes of the symptom are discussed, they may be
indexed with the subheadings /diag and /compl, but the subheading on the symptom
is /etiol.
26.15 Surgery is a topic commonly seen by indexers of both clinical and
preclinical journals, but it must not be indexed as SURGERY (even for general
articles). Most articles are about SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE (Category E4)
and its indentions.
Distinguish between SURGERY and its indentions in Category G2 and
SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE in this way; SURGERY is the specialty or
profession, while SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE is the act of performing
surgery on a human or animal for therapeutic or research purposes. See Chapter
28 for discussion of the indexing of SURGERY as a specialty.
26.15.1 Historical articles on surgery in general (not a specific surgical
technique available in MeSH), should be indexed as SURGERY / * hist, not
SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE / * hist.
26.15.2 The main heading SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE should be used
relatively infrequently, since the subheading /surg is available, to be used on
organs, veterinary animals, and diseases. See section 19.7+ for a discussion of
the use of a general main heading versus its subheading equivalent.
26.15.3 SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE as an IM heading is used for articles
on surgery in general, or those on the effects of or risks of surgery in various
diseases which are not themselves being treated surgically.
Control of the quality of surgery in Great Britain.
SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE / * stand
* QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE
GREAT BRITAIN
Surgical risks in operating on patients with diabetes.
* SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE
* DIABETES MELLITUS
RISK
Not: DIABETES MELLITUS / * surg
26.15.4 SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE may be used as an NIM coordinate when
the subheading /*surg has been used but the subheading itself seems to require a
subheading (see section 19.7.4). However, a more specific indention under
SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE should be used instead if possible (see section
19.7.7).
A new method for performing surgery on the adrenal glands.
ADRENAL GLANDS / * surg
ENDOCRINE SURGICAL PROCEDURES / methods
Not: SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE / methods
Economics of femoral vein surgery.
FEMORAL VEIN / * surg
VASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES / econ
Not: SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE / econ
26.16 Excision or partial excision (also known as resection) of organs is
a very common type of surgery. The MeSH headings ending in -ECTOMY are used for
these techniques.
Methods for transurethral resection of the prostate in elderly
men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
PROSTATECTOMY / * methods
PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA / * surg
HUMAN (check tag)
MALE (check tag)
AGED (check tag)
26.16.1 For any disease treated by the surgical removal of an organ, even if
it is not the organ actually involved in the disease, use the subheading /surg.
Thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.
* THYMECTOMY
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS / * surg
Is castration alone sufficient in the treatment of stage I
breast cancer?
* CASTRATION, FEMALE
BREAST NEOPLASMS / * surg / pathol
NEOPLASM STAGING
HUMAN (check tag)
FEMALE (check tag)
26.16.2 For articles on the -ectomy or excision of any organ for which there
is no -ECTOMY term available in MeSH, index the organ with the subheading
/*surg.
Iridectomy for hyphema.
IRIS / * surg
HYPHEMA / * surg
26.16.3 The -ECTOMY terms may be indexed not only for articles on
therapeutic excision of an organ, but also for articles in which the excision
was performed in laboratory animals for research purposes. In some research
articles the animals are being used as models to study the surgical procedure
itself, and in such cases the -ECTOMY term used should be made IM. More
commonly, though, the excision is used merely as a technique to study the
physiology of the excised organ (by observing the response to its removal); in
these cases the IM concept for the article should be the organ with the
subheading /*physiol (note: not /*surg), and the -ECTOMY term should be added
NIM if at all.
Effect of adrenalectomy on blood lipids in rats.
(The introduction discusses how patients undergoing
adrenalectomy often develop elevated blood lipid levels, and presents the rats
as a surgical model.)
ADRENALECTOMY / * adv eff
HYPERLIPIDEMIA / * etiol
RATS (check tag)
ANIMAL (check tag)
Effect of adrenalectomy on blood lipids in rats.
(The introduction discusses adrenal gland physiology, not
surgical procedures.)
ADRENAL GLANDS / * physiol
LIPIDS / * blood
ADRENALECTOMY
RATS (check tag)
ANIMAL (check tag)
26.17 There are several -OSTOMY (surgery to create an artificial external
opening) and -OTOMY (any incision) terms available in MeSH, such as THORACOSTOMY
and THORACOTOMY. When indexing an article discussing the -ostomy or -otomy of
an organ for which there is no MeSH heading available, index the organ with the
subheading /*surg plus the heading OSTOMY if appropriate.
26.17.1 Many techniques to create an artificial bladder after the excision
of the bladder end in -ostomy (ureterosigmoidostomy, etc.). Unlike the -OSTOMY
terms in 26.17, these are not external openings. Check the Trees under URINARY
DIVERSION because some of these -ostomy terms are MeSH headings indented there
(for example, CYSTOSTOMY and URETEROSTOMY). If we do not have a term for the
specific procedure, index URINARY DIVERSION (IM), and add any specific organ
with the subheading /surg (NIM) (but not URETER). Do not index a term ending in
-OSTOMY unless it is indented under URINARY DIVERSION.
Uretero-ileostomy
* URINARY DIVERSION
ILEUM / surg
Not: ILEOSTOMY (IM or NIM)
26.18 MeSH also contains some terms ending in the suffix -PLASTY
(ARTHROPLASTY, GINGIVOPLASTY, etc.). In general, -plasty refers to the surgical
construction or reconstruction of an organ. For articles on -plasty procedures
which are not available as MeSH headings, index the organ with the subheading
/*surg. Do not coordinate with the term RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES or
with the specialty term SURGERY, PLASTIC.
Treatment of jejunoileal atresia using duodenoplasty.
INTESTINAL ATRESIA / * surg
JEJUNUM / * abnorm
ILEUM / * abnorm
DUODENUM / * surg
26.18.1 Restrict the term RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES to external
cosmetic or reconstructive procedures. It is usually an IM concept, in
coordiation with /*surg on the specific organ, but many specific types of
reconstructive procedures are available in MeSH as indentions.
26.19 ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES are procedures used to treat and correct
deformities, diseases and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations and
associated structures. It (or one of its many indentions) should be indexed IM
in coordination with /*surg on a specific bone, joint, and/or bone or joint
disease.
Intramedullary fixation of tibial fractures.
TIBIAL FRACTURES / * surg
* FRACTURE FIXATION, INTRAMEDULLARY
26.20 The term TRANSPLANTATION is available in MeSH, but is rarely used
because many specific precoordinated organ-transplantation terms and terms for
types of transplantation are also available. In addition, the subheading
/transpl is available to be used with any organ which does not have a
precoordinated term. TRANSPLANTATION should be used IM only for articles on the
concept of transplantation.
Psychological aspects of transplantation.
TRANSPLANTATION / * psychol
Liver transplantation.
* LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Transplantation of the adrenal glands.
ADRENAL GLANDS / * transpl
26.20.1 TRANSPLANTATION may be added as an NIM coordinate when subheadings
are needed after the subheading /*transpl has been used on an organ. (See
sections 19.7.7 and 26.15.4.) However, this will rarely be necessary because of
the availability of terms for the specific types of transplantation.
Economic aspects of transplantation of the adrenal glands.
ADRENAL GLANDS / * transpl
TRANSPLANTATION / econ
Trends in allogeneic transplantation of the adrenal glands.
ADRENAL GLANDS / * transpl
TRANSPLANTATION, ALLOGENEIC / trends
26.20.2 CELL TRANSPLANTATION is annotated "GEN & unspecified only..."; it
should not be indexed as a coordinate if a MeSH heading is available for the
specific cell transplanted, because the subheading /transpl is an AQ for cells.
(CELL TRANSPLANTATION may, however, be added NIM if another subheading is
needed, as with TRANSPLANTATION.)
Side effects of the transplantation of keratinocytes for
burns.
BURNS / * surg
KERATINOCYTES / * transpl
CELL TRANSPLANTATION / adv eff
CELL TRANSPLANTATION is more likely to be indexed when no MeSH
heading exists to cover the transplanted cell. In such cases, CELL
TRANSPLANTATION should be indexed IM in coordination with /*cytol on the organ
from which the transplanted cells were taken.
Is hepatocyte transplantation a viable alternative in the
treatment of fulminant liver failure?
LIVER FAILURE, FULMINANT / * surg
* CELL TRANSPLANTATION
LIVER / * cytol
Not: * LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
26.20.3 The subheading /immunol is an AQ for the transplantation terms, and
should be used as the coordinate when any of the terms indented under
TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY is indexed.
Rejection of a heart-lung graft.
* GRAFT REJECTION
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION / * immunol
Not: HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION / * adv eff
26.20.4 Note that the MeSH term TRANSPLANTS is available for general
articles in which the point is the cell, organ, or tissue graft itself, rather
than the procedure.
26.21 Index anesthesia procedures under the most specific type of
anesthesia available in Category E3, usually IM.
Often the coordinate is the name of a surgical procedure from
Category E4, without a subheading, or the name of an organ or disease with the
subheading /surg. These may or may not be IM too, depending on whether the
point of the article is mainly the anesthesia, or the anesthesia in relation to
that specific type of surgery.
Anesthesia in eye surgery.
* ANESTHESIA
EYE / * surg
Local anesthesia in eye surgery.
* ANESTHESIA, LOCAL
EYE / * surg
Inhalation anesthesia in ambulatory surgery.
* ANESTHESIA, INHALATION
* AMBULATORY SURGICAL PROCEDURES
26.21.1 Index an article about the use of a specific anesthetic in a
specific type of anesthesia under both the name of the anesthetic (IM, with no
subheading) and the type of anesthesia (IM).
Lidocaine in spinal anesthesia.
* LIDOCAINE
* ANESTHETICS, LOCAL
* ANESTHESIA, SPINAL
26.21.1.1 If, however, the article is about some aspect of the anesthetic
other than its use in producing anesthesia, the subheading needed to cover that
aspect should be indexed.
Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine when administered for spinal
anesthesia.
LIDOCAINE / * pharmacokin
ANESTHETICS, LOCAL / * pharmacokin
* ANESTHESIA, SPINAL
26.21.2 Add ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL as a coordinate for any specific type of
anesthesia used in delivery (even delivery by cesarean section).
Epidural anesthesia in cesarean section.
* ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL
* ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL
* CESAREAN SECTION
HUMAN (check tag)
FEMALE (check tag)
PREGN (check tag)
26.21.3 When indexing ANESTHESIA, SPINAL, do not coordinate with the
specific vertebra heading to show the location of the spinal injection;
however, a locational term may be used if one exists to cover that location.
Lumbar anesthesia.
ANESTHESIA, SPINAL / * methods
LUMBAR REGION (NIM)
Not: LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
26.22 IMMUNOTHERAPY and its indentions are seen frequently in the
literature, in both clinical articles (for therapy or prevention) and in
research articles (as methods of studying immunology).
26.22.1 IMMUNOTHERAPY is annotated "GEN only"; when a particular type of
immunotherapy is used, whether or not treed under IMMUNOTHERAPY, this term
should not be added. The subheading used on any disease being treated with any
type of immunotherapy is /ther.
Immunotherapy in the treatment of bladder cancer.
BLADDER NEOPLASMS / * ther
* IMMUNOTHERAPY
Monoclonal antibodies in the immunotherapy of pulmonary
tumors.
LUNG NEOPLASMS / * ther
ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL / * ther use
Not: IMMUNOTHERAPY (IM or NIM)
26.22.2 IMMUNIZATION (also known as IMMUNOSTIMULATION) is a specific type of
immunotherapy, in which the body's immunity is enhanced either passively or
actively. MeSH headings are available to cover either of these methods, so the
term IMMUNIZATION itself is rarely needed.
26.22.2.1 In IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE, the individual receives antibodies; in
ADOPTIVE TRANSFER (an indention under IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE), the individual
receives previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum).
IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE is a specific form of ADOPTIVE TRANSFER in which cells
with antitumor activity are transferred to a tumor-bearing host. These are all
considered passive forms of immunization because the body itself does not mount
the immune response.
Note the cross-references to these terms; some of the cross-
references are seen more frequently in the literature than are the MeSH terms
themselves:
IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE
X IMMUNOGLOBULIN THERAPY
X IMMUNOTHERAPY, PASSIVE
X NORMAL SERUM GLOBULIN THERAPY
X PASSIVE ANTIBODY TRANSFER
X PASSIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNITY
X SEROTHERAPY
ADOPTIVE TRANSFER
X ADOPTIVE CELL TRANSFER
IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE
X ADOPTIVE CELLULAR IMMUNOTHERAPY
26.22.2.2 In IMMUNOTHERAPY, ACTIVE (also known as VACCINE THERAPY), the
individual is given an antigen such as a vaccine, which enhances immunity by
causing the body itself to form antibodies.
26.22.2.2.1 Indented under IMMUNOTHERAPY, ACTIVE is the term VACCINATION
(IMMUNIZATION, ACTIVE) which is the term to be used when vaccines are given in
the prevention of a disease.
VACCINATION in Category E, and VACCINES and its indentions in
Category D, should be discussed together.
VACCINATION includes the concept of vaccination: where it is done,
when it is done, its indications or value, etc., with the emphasis being on the
procedure. VACCINES and its many indentions cover articles on the vaccine
itself, its composition, preparation, storage, etc. If in doubt about which to
use for a particular article, favor a specific VACCINE term rather than the
general term VACCINATION.
26.22.2.2.2 Before indexing an article on vaccination, the indexer must
determine whether the point of the article is the immunity produced by the
vaccine or the prevention of a disease. If the article is on immunity, the
subheading to be used on any disease concept indexed is /immunol; if it is on
prevention, the subheading to be used on the disease is /prev.
The effect of vaccination on immunity in children with
measles.
MEASLES / * immunol
* VACCINATION
HUMAN (check tag)
CHILD (check tag)
The effect of vaccination on the prevalence of measles in
India.
* VACCINATION
MEASLES / * prev / epidemiol
PREVALENCE
INDIA / epidemiol
26.22.2.2.3 Complications of vaccination in general or an unspecified type of
vaccination are indexed as VACCINATION / *adv eff. However, most articles are
about the complications of a specific vaccine, which should be indexed instead
(also with the subheading /*adv eff).
26.22.2.2.4 When a vaccine is used for prevention, use /prev on the disease, but
do not use /ther use on the vaccine term; save that subheading for vaccines
used in the treatment of disease. This policy differs from the policy on drugs,
in which the subheading /ther use is used on the drug whether it is given for
/prev or for /drug ther.
It is possible that no subheading will be needed on a vaccine used
in prevention, but if the method of administering the vaccine is discussed, use
/admin on the vaccine term.
26.22.2.3 IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE may be indexed for any article discussing the
timing of IMMUNIZATION or any of its indentions (or the administration schedule
for a specific vaccine, in which case /admin should be used as the subheading on
the vaccine).
26.22.3 IMMUNOSUPPRESSION, like the other terms indented under
IMMUNOTHERAPY, may be used for articles on immunosuppression as a technique even
when it is not therapeutic (for example, in research).
Indexers must be careful to distinguish IMMUNOSUPPRESSION in
Category E (the technique) from IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (PHYSIOLOGY) see IMMUNE
TOLERANCE in Category G (the physiologic process), since authors will say only
"immunosuppression".
Methods of immunosuppression after transplantation of the
small bowel.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION / * methods
INTESTINE, SMALL / * transpl
Role of tumor necrosis factor in the immunosuppression caused
by African trypanosomiasis.
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR / * immunol
TRYPANOSOMIASIS, AFRICAN / * immunol
* IMMUNE TOLERANCE
26.23 TISSUE CULTURE, ORGAN CULTURE, and CELL CULTURE are rarely indexed
as IM concepts. They may be made IM for general articles, or occasionally in
coordination with a specific tissue, organ or cell culture method (also IM), if
it is stressed that the culture is relatively unusual or there is a great amount
of discussion on how to culture the tissue, organ or cell type.
Other headings available when indexing cultures are VIRUS
CULTIVATION (also a technique in Category E) and CELLS, CULTURED and its
indentions (treed under CELLS in Category A).
26.23.1 TISSUE CULTURE or ORGAN CULTURE is indexed routinely as an NIM
concept when the researcher cultures a whole tissue or organ as opposed to cells
(in which case CELLS, CULTURED or an indention should be indexed). When
applicable, TISSUE (or ORGAN or CELL) CULTURE must be indexed even if merely
mentioned by the author. In addition, HUMAN or ANIMAL must be checked and, if
animal, the animal species source of the tissue must be indexed (NIM or as a
check tag) if these can be determined from the article. The type of tissue or
organ cultured (KIDNEY, etc.) need not be indexed unless the author discusses it
as relevant.
26.23.2 Distinguish CELL CULTURE (the technique) from CELLS, CULTURED and
its indentions (the propagated cells themselves). Articles discussing the
physiologic properties of particular cells in culture are indexed as CELLS,
CULTURED (NIM).
Multilayer culture of periodontal ligament
epithelial cells.
PERIODONAL LIGAMENT / * cytol
EPITHELIAL CELLS / * cytol
* CELL CULTURE
Production of prostaglandin E2 by cultured
periodontal ligament cells.
DINOPROSTONE / * biosyn
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT / * metab / cytol
CELLS, CULTURED
26.23.3 Index viral culture or growth as VIRUS CULTIVATION. It should be
made IM only rarely, as with TISSUE CULTURE above. However, it will be indexed
NIM routinely for cultivation of a specific virus (in coordination with /*growth
on the specific virus cultivated). The human or animal species source of the
tissue or cells in which the virus is cultured must be picked up routinely if
these can be determined from the article, and TISSUE (or ORGAN) CULTURE, or
CELLS, CULTURED or an indention, must be added. Again, the type of tissue or
organ need not be added unless the author discusses it as important (for
example, if kidneys were chosen because the author is studying why the virus
causes nephritis).
26.23.4 When indexing one of the CULTURE terms, do not check the tag IN
VITRO, as such studies are in vitro by definition.
26.23.5 The related subject of CELL LINE is discussed in Chapter 21 and
section 22.26.1.
26.24 EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES is available in MeSH but is indexed
infrequently since MeSH has also provided many specific types of equipment as
main headings. In addition, the subheading /instrum is available, to be used
with techniques and specialties.
26.24.1 Index an apparatus, instrument, piece of equipment, etc. used in any
technique or specialty under the heading for the technique or specialty with the
subheading /instrum.
Equipment for chromatography.
CHROMATOGRAPHY / * instrum
26.24.1.1 If the specific piece of equipment exists as a MeSH heading, (BEDS,
SYRINGES, etc.), use that heading instead of using the subheading /instrum on a
technique or specialty.
Standards for the scanners used in CAT scans.
TOMOGRAPHY SCANNERS, X-RAY COMPUTED / * stand
Not: TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED / * instrum
26.24.1.2 If a MeSH heading exists for the equipment but it does not imply the
specific technique or specialty using the equipment, index that technique or
specialty too with the subheading /instrum.
A new syringe for use in dermatology.
* SYRINGES
DERMATOLOGY / * instrum
26.24.2 As can be seen from these examples, equipment is most commonly
indexed by using a term for a specialty or technique, with the subheading
/instrum. Sometimes, however, the equipment is used specifically for a specific
organ, disease, or physiologic process, and then that concept must be indexed IM
also.
Equipment used in ear exams.
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OTOLOGICAL / * instrum
Not: * EAR
But: Design of a new machine which enhances the performance
of biofeedback for headache patients.
BIOFEEDBACK / * instrum
HEADACHE / * ther
EQUIPMENT DESIGN
26.24.3 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS (holdable in the hand) and SURGICAL EQUIPMENT
(all other apparatus used in surgery) exist as MeSH headings but they are
general terms which are rarely indexed. Instead, the term for the specific
surgical procedure used in the article should be indexed with the subheading
/instrum.
A new instrument which enhances the performance of penetrating
keratoplasties.
KERATOPLASTY, PENETRATING / * instrum
Not: SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
26.24.3.1 If the term for the specific surgical procedure does not exist in
MeSH, index the name of a broader surgical procedure with the subheading
/instrum (IM), and do not add SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS or SURGICAL EQUIPMENT.
Instruments used in performing surgery on the fallopian tubes.
FALLOPIAN TUBES / * surg
GYNECOLOGICAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES / * instrum
Not: SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
26.24.3.2 If there is no appropriate term in MeSH for either the surgical
procedure or a surgical specialty, use a nonsurgical specialty from Category G2
with /instrum (IM) and add SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS or SURGICAL EQUIPMENT (NIM).
A new instrument for excision of skin without scarring.
SKIN / * surg
DERMATOLOGY / * instrum
CICATRIX / * prev
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
26.24.4 The E7 Category, which deals with equipment and supplies includes
the term PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS with many specific prosthetic devices indented
under it. Many of these have corresponding terms in E4 for the implantation
procedure, e.g., BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS in E7 and BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS
IMPLANTATION in E4. The indexer must decide from the slant of the article which
concept (or both) to index.
Granulomas from silicone breast implants.
BREAST IMPLANTS / * adv eff
GRANULOMA / * etiol
BREAST DISEASES / * etiol
SILICONES / * adv eff
HUMAN (check tag)
FEMALE (check tag)
Not: BREAST IMPLANTATION
Use of tissue expanders in breast implantation.
BREAST IMPLANTATION / * methods
* TISSUE EXPANDERS
HUMAN (check tag)
FEMALE (check tag)
Not: BREAST IMPLANTS unless specifically discussed
Many articles, of course, will discuss both the procedure and the
implant, in which case both must be indexed, although they need not both be IM.
26.24.5 Also in E7 is the term SURGICALLY-CREATED STRUCTURES. SURGICAL FLAPS
is indented here, although the other techniques fomerly indented under SURGERY,
PLASTIC remain in E4 under RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES. The heading
SURGERY, PLASTIC itself is in G2 and is reserved for the specialty.
26.24.5.1 SURGICALLY-CREATED STRUCTURES are structures formed from organs,
parts of organs, or nearby tissue. They appear in Category A10 as well as
in E7 and can be used with selected A category qualifiers as well as subheadings
appropriate to E7.
Functional and urodynamic characteristics of Camey II ileal
neobladder.
URINARY RESERVOIRS, CONTINENT / * methods / * physiol
URINATION
URODYNAMICS
ILEUM / surg
26.25 DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES and all its indentions (especially
INJECTIONS) should be indexed IM for general articles, but more frequently they
are indexed NIM as coordinates for the subheading /admin on a specific drug.
Do not attempt to index the route of administration for every drug
indexed. Index the route only when it is in the title or statement of purpose
for the article, or is especially discussed. Administration routes are usually
third-tier in research performed on animals; most drugs are given
intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, by gavage, or intravenously into a tail vein,
so do not index those routes unless the author especially discusses them.
26.25.1 One route of drug administration that is often indexed incorrectly
is ADMINISTRATION, TOPICAL. This is a general term which means application
directly to an affected surface (even an internal surface such as a cavity).
Specific types of topical administration include: ADMINISTRATION, BUCCAL;
ADMINISTRATION, INTRAVESICAL; and ADMINISTRATION, RECTAL. Indexers use the
term ADMINISTRATION, TOPICAL incorrectly because authors themselves commonly say
"topical" with reference to administration to the skin. Such administration
should be indexed instead with the specific term ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS
(treed under ADMINISTRATION, TOPICAL).
Topical terbinafine in the treatment of tinea pedis.
terbinafine / * ther use / admin
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS / * ther use / admin
TINEA PEDIS / * drug ther
ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS
26.26 CLINICAL TRIALS and its indentions should be indexed IM for articles
on the topic of clinical trials: their value, methodology, requirements,
ethics, etc.
Drug firms' cooperation in clinical trials.
* CLINICAL TRIALS
* DRUG INDUSTRY
Effect of stratified randomization on size and power of
statistical tests in clinical trials.
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS / * methods
* STATISTICS
26.26.1 The main heading CLINICAL TRIALS will be used primarily for articles
discussing the concept of clinical trials in general, for articles about
clinical trials as a method of research.
Although the main heading will not be indexed often, the
corresponding publication type CLINICAL TRIAL will be indexed frequently, for
any article reporting the results of a specific clinical trial. Each clinical
research article must be thoroughly searched to determine if the CLINICAL TRIAL
publication type is applicable. See Chapter 17 for a discussion of publication
types.
26.26.2 Indented under the general main heading CLINICAL TRIALS are headings
for specific types of clinical trial (CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I, etc.). As with
the general heading, these main headings should be reserved for articles about
any of these types of trial.
Using orthogonal polynomial scores in evaluating data
collected in phase I and II clinical pharmacology studies.
CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I / * statist
CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II / * statist
* DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL
Methodology of phase III clinical trials of hypocholesteremia
agents. Do any reliable substitution criteria exist?
CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III / * methods
ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS / * ther use
RESEARCH DESIGN
26.26.2.1 As with CLINICAL TRIALS (main heading) versus CLINICAL TRIAL
(publication type), the publication types CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE I; CLINICAL
TRIAL, PHASE II; CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE III and CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE IV are
much more likely to be used than the corresponding main headings, which are
plural. When any of these publication types is indexed, the general publication
type CLINICAL TRIAL is automatically added to the indexing to assist searchers
who want articles on any type of clinical trial, irrespective of phase.
26.26.2.2 Although all four phases of clinical trials have cross references to
FDA phases, the main headings and the corresponding publication types are not
limited to clinical trials within the United States. If the phase has been
numbered for a clinical trial from another country, use the corresponding
heading or publication type. Thus, a phase III trial from The Netherlands will
be indexed CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE III (PT). An article on standards for phase I
trials in Great Britain will be indexed CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I / * stand and
GREAT BRITAIN (the geographic term is required because the standards are
specifically for trials within Great Britain).
26.26.3 The main headings MULTICENTER STUDIES, CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS,
and RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS are also indented under CLINICAL TRIALS. The
indexer is again much more likely to use the corresponding publication types
than these main headings, which should be reserved for articles about the
concept of that type of study in general.
In defense of the corporate author for multicenter trials.
* AUTHORSHIP
* MULTICENTER STUDIES
* PUBLISHING
Required sample size for randomized clinical trials.
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS / * methods
SAMPLE SIZE
26.26.3.1 Even though the main heading MULTICENTER STUDIES is indented under
CLINICAL TRIALS, its scope note does not require that the term be limited to
multicenter clinical trials. Similarly, the publication type MULTICENTER STUDY
may also be used for a study which does not meet the requirements for the
publication type CLINICAL TRIAL. Many multicenter studies are merely
observational, and do not meet the clinical trial criteria of being "pre-
planned, controlled studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage
schedule...", but it is still correct to index such studies with the publication
type MULTICENTER STUDY.
Presenting features of monoclonal gammopathies: an analysis of
684 cases. Cooperative Group for the Study and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma.
MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHIES, BENIGN / * diag
MULTICENTER STUDY (PT)
26.26.4 Do not restrict the use of CLINICAL TRIALS and its indentions or the
publication type CLINICAL TRIAL (and the specific types of clinical trial) to
evaluations of drugs and chemicals. Techniques and devices can also be the
subject of clinical trials.
26.26.5 The use of one of the CLINICAL TRIAL publication types is not
sufficient if the article indicates that the study was single- or double-blind.
The indexer must also add SINGLE-BLIND METHOD (NIM) or DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD (NIM)
if the author states that either of those research methods was used. See
section 26.27+ below.
26.26.6 Review articles which cite or summarize clinical trials, previously
published elsewhere, should not be indexed with the publication type CLINICAL
TRIAL. Use instead the main heading CLINICAL TRIALS or an indention (NIM) if it
seems important to convey to a searcher that clinical trials were performed, or
if the concept of clinical trials is discussed. Keep in mind, however, that
reviews are indexed non-depth; CLINICAL TRIALS should not be indexed routinely,
but only if the clinical trial aspect is of major importance.
Sumatriptan for the treatment of migraine attacks--a review of
randomized controlled clinical trials.
SUMATRIPTAN / * ther use
VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS / * ther use
MIGRAINE / * drug ther
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
REVIEW, TUTORIAL (PT)
26.26.6.1 Also available in MeSH is the main heading META-ANALYSIS with a
corresponding publication type META-ANALYSIS (PT). A meta-analysis is "a
quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies" to provide
a larger population upon which to base a conclusion, usually of effectiveness.
It is considered a method of research, not a review of the literature.
As with CLINICAL TRIALS (main heading) versus CLINICAL TRIAL
(publication type), the main heading META-ANALYSIS will be indexed relatively
infrequently, for articles about meta-analyses. The publication type will be
indexed much more frequently. (NOTE! Both the main heading and the publication
type are singular, so the indexer must add (PT) at the end of the publication
type.)
Since a meta-analysis is by definition a combination of studies, and
CLINICAL TRIAL OVERVIEWS is an X-reference to the main heading, do not add
CLINICAL TRIALS (NIM) for a meta-analysis of clinical trials. If a specific
type of clinical trial was used for the meta-analysis, that information should
be indexed using the main heading, NIM. Do not use any of the REVIEW
publication types.
Meta-analysis of phase III trials on anti-androgen treatment
in patients with advanced prostate cancer.
PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS / * drug ther
ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS / * ther use
META-ANALYSIS (PT)
CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III (NIM)
HUMAN (check tag)
MALE (check tag)
26.26.6.2 Articles which are not reviews, but provide further analysis of or
further data from a previously published clinical trial, should be indexed with
the publication type CLINICAL TRIAL.
26.26.6.3 Occasionally, however, we index studies in which people who had
participated in an earlier clinical trial are studied for some other reason.
(For example, a study of their blood pressure changes in the 10 years following
the trial.) Researchers find these patients a convenient population to study,
because extensive baseline data exist for them.
When indexing such a study, even if the name of the earlier trial is
in the title of the article, the publication type CLINICAL TRIAL should not be
indexed because this is not about the trial itself.
26.27 EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS and its indentions occupy a large portion of
Category E5. Our rules for indexing these terms differ from those for most main
headings; we index all epidemiologic methods used in performing a clinical
study even if such methods are only mentioned. If an author mentions that the
study was retrospective, RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES must be indexed, etc. However,
it is acceptable to tree the terms and use a more general heading if more than
three related epidemiologic terms are mentioned.
Trends in the incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes in
the United States over the last thirty years.
(Methods used in determining the incidence include: surveys,
interviews, death certificates and registries. A MeSH heading is available for
each of these methods, but the only term under which all the headings are treed
is DATA COLLECTION.)
NIDDM / * epidemiol
INCIDENCE
DATA COLLECTION
UNITED STATES / epidemiol
26.27.1 Note that STATISTICS and all its indentions are treed under
EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS in Category E5; that means that the statistical terms
must also be indexed even if only mentioned. However, it is quite common for
researchers to mention the use of more than three statistical methods, so it is
quite likely that the general term STATISTICS will be the heading indexed to
cover all the statistical methods mentioned.
Mortality in AIDS; a prospective study.
(Statistical methods mentioned in the paragraph on statistics
include odds ratio, proportional hazards models, least-squares analysis, and
analysis of variance; confidence intervals are given. A MeSH heading is
available for each of these methods, but the only term under which all are treed
is STATISTICS.)
AIDS / * mortal
PROSPECTIVE STUDIES
STATISTICS
26.27.2 Although the epidemiologic method or concept must be indexed even if
merely mentioned, make sure that the article is actually about an epidemiologic
concept.
Prevalence of c-erbB-2 protein in breast neoplasms.
BREAST NEOPLASMS / * chem
PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-ERBB-2 / * anal
Not: PREVALENCE
26.27.3 Epidemiologic methods do not need to be indexed when they are
mentioned by an author but only in relation to other studies (for example, in
the introduction or discussion section of the article). The rule applies only
to mention of methods used in the study being indexed.
26.27.4 Epidemiologic and statistical methods also do not need to be indexed
for mere mention in studies performed in laboratory animals. These studies are
not epidemiologic in nature, and epidemiologists do not want to retrieve them.
In preclinical journals, epidemiologic and statistical methods need to be
indexed only if substantively discussed or in the title or statement of purpose,
as with any other research technique.
26.28 Dentistry includes a varied collection of clinical, laboratory, and
epidemiological techniques relating to the stomatognathic system and its
disorders. Of the clinical techniques, those which approach the tooth directly,
however invasive, are usually considered to be therapeutic, while those that
require incision into the underlying structures are generally considered to be
surgical. But the distinction is a fine one, and there is considerable overlap.
26.28.1 ANESTHESIA, DENTAL encompasses a broad range of techniques ranging
from those used in uncomplicated dental restoration to those used in
stomatognathic surgery. It is therefore essential that the specific type of
anesthesia be accounted for in the indexing.ing.
Conscious sedation for dental procedures in the
anxious patient.
* ANESTHESIA, DENTAL
* CONSCIOUS SEDATION
DENTAL ANXIETY / * prev
HUMAN (check tag)
26.28.2 ACID ETCHING, DENTAL is defined by MeSH as "the pretreatment of
tooth surfaces with etching agents to increase the adhesion of resin systems."
Indexers should restrict its use to the etching of the dental tissue even though
authors use the expression "acid etching" for the etching of materials.
Effect of etching time on resin-enamel bond strength.
ACID ETCHING, DENTAL / * methods
* COMPOSITE RESINS
* DENTAL ENAMEL
TIME FACTORS
TENSILE STRENGTH
Not: DENTAL BONDING because ACID ETCHING, DENTAL
is indented under DENTAL BONDING
DENTAL BONDING should, however, be used for acid etching of the
materials.
Hydrochloric acid etching of nickel-chromium frameworks for
adhesive bridges.
DENTAL BONDING / * methods
* HYDROCHLORIC ACID
* DENTURE, PARTIAL, FIXED, RESIN-BONDED
* CHROMIUM ALLOYS
Not: ACID ETCHING, DENTAL because it is a synthetic
material that is etched
26.28.3 A careful distinction should be made between DENTAL CARE FOR
DISABLED and DENTAL CARE FOR CHRONICALLY ILL. Both are covered by the Americans
with Disabilities Act, but the emphasis is apt to be different. Articles on
DENTAL CARE FOR DISABLED tend to discuss the accessibility of dental care to
disabled persons. Articles on DENTAL CARE FOR CHRONICALLY ILL tend to discuss
the possible infectiousness of the patient, the interactions of dental
medicaments with drugs the patient may be taking, and, in general, what the
dentist should know about the pre-existing disease before treating the patient.
Dental procedures and the floppy mitral valve--an
ounce of prevention.
ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL / * prev
* ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS
* DENTAL CARE FOR CHRONICALLY ILL
* MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
From the wheelchair to the dentist's chair--a
simple portable lifting device for use with
quadriplegic patients.
DENTAL CARE FOR DISABLED / *instrum
* QUADRIPLEGIA
* DENTAL EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT DESIGN
26.28.3.1 The headings DENTAL CARE FOR AGED and DENTAL CARE FOR CHILDREN can
be used for all aspects of dental treatment or treatment needs among these
population groups.
Treating aphthous ulcers in young children.
STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS / * drug ther
* DENTAL CARE FOR CHILDREN
CHILD, PRESCHOOL (check tag)
HUMAN (check tag)
Not: PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY because that refers to
the field
26.28.4 DENTAL EQUIPMENT and DENTAL INSTRUMENTS differ in that instruments
not only can be held in the hand but must be powered by the hand, not merely
guided by the hand although powered by floor-mounted equipment. Dental
equipment includes chairs, trollies, curing lamps, water supply lines, etc.; but
"dental handpieces" (which are designed to be used as attachments to free-
standing equipment and which operate at speeds above 12,000 rpm) are indexed as
DENTAL HIGH-SPEED EQUIPMENT.
26.28.4.1 Indexers should not use DENTAL INSTRUMENTS if the subheading
/ instrumentation can be used with a dental procedure or specialty.
A new ultrasonic periodontal probe.
PERIODONTICS / * instrum
ULTRASONIC THERAPY / * instrum
26.28.5 The heading DENTAL HEALTH SURVEYS should be used as IM only for
articles on large-scale surveys on almost every aspect of dental health or for
articles on how to conduct a dental health survey. Most articles entitled
"Survey of dental health in ..." actually deal with the prevalence of specific
diseases and should be indexed for those diseases with the subheading /
epidemiology. DENTAL HEALTH SURVEYS or one of its indentions may be indexed NIM
to satisfy the requirement that statistical concepts be covered.
26.28.5.1 The specific terms indented under DENTAL HEALTH SURVEYS may be used
for either population studies or individual studies.
26.28.6 DENTAL MODELS are physical models of teeth and supporting
structures. This heading is never used for theoretical models.
Arch length considerations due to the curve of Spee: a
mathematical model. (The curve of Spee is the curvature
of the occlusal alignment of teeth.)
DENTAL ARCH / * anat
* DENTAL OCCLUSION
* MODELS, BIOLOGICAL
Not: DENTAL MODELS
26.28.6.1 The indexer should be aware that authors often use the terms "dental
casts" and "dental models" interchangeably.
The accuracy of gypsum casts.
* DENTAL MODELS
* CALCIUM SULFATE
REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS
Not: DENTAL CASTING TECHNIQUE
The influence of sprue design on cobalt-chromium
alloy casting defects.
* CHROMIUM ALLOYS
* DENTAL CASTING INVESTMENT
DENTAL CASTING TECHNIQUE / * instrum
EQUIPMENT DESIGN
26.28.6.2 Discussions of the physical forces in dental function often include
mathematical analysis and are usually indexed as DENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS.
Indexers should prefer this to BIOMECHANICS, since DENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS is
more specifically related to dentistry.
Distribution of stress levels and profiles in the periodontal
ligament during the application of orthodontic forces.
* DENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT / * physiol
* ORTHODONTICS, CORRECTIVE
26.28.7 DENTAL OCCLUSION refers to the relationship of the maxilla and
mandible when in the closed position. There are many devices and methods for
analysing occlusion but very few of these are MeSH terms, and therefore these
concepts must often be indexed as
JAW RELATION RECORD with the subheadings / methods or
/ instrumentation.
Computerized occlusal analysis.
* DENTAL OCCLUSION
JAW RELATION RECORD / * methods
* IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED
Axiography in the diagnosis of TMJ disorders.
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISEASES / * diag
JAW RELATION RECORD / * instrum
26.28.7.1 More extensive recording of craniofacial reference points is
CEPHALOMETRY. This term is not included in the E6 category. However, dental
articles often contain diagrams of facial angles and other landmarks, which are
indexed as CEPHALOMETRY (usually NIM).
26.28.8 DENTAL POLISHING (per MeSH scope note) is used only for the
polishing or "finishing" of dentures or dental materials. "Polishing" of
natural teeth is DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS or TOOTHBRUSHING.
26.28.8.1 Similarly, authors often speak of "abrasive therapy" when referring
to the polishing of superficially discolored teeth with abrasive dentifrices.
The indexer must remember that TOOTH ABRASION is a disease term in C7 and cannot
be used for a therapy. Abrasive therapy is indexed as ENAMEL MICROABRASION.
26.28.9 DENTISTRY, OPERATIVE is the field concerned with procedures designed
to restore or reform the hard tissues of teeth (enamel, dentin, cementum).
SURGERY, ORAL is the specialty that deals with surgery of the mouth and jaws.
ORAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES are surgical procedures used to treat disease, injuries
and defects of the oral and maxillofacial region. Operative dentistry is not
usually considered as part of surgery.
Laser cavity preparation.
DENTAL CAVITY PREPARATION / * instrum
* LASERS
Not: LASER SURGERY
Lasers in soft tissue oral surgery: gingiva and buccal mucosa.
ORAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES / * instrum
* LASER SURGERY
GINGIVA / * surg
MOUTH MUCOSA / * surg
CHEEK / surg
Advanced training in maxillofacial surgery.
* EDUCATION, DENTAL, GRADUATE
SURGERY, ORAL / * educ
26.28.9.1 Indexers should be aware that the word "restoration" can be used
narrowly to refer to "fillings" or inlays or broadly to refer to any prosthetic
restoration of lost tooth structure or teeth, including crowns, dentures, or
implants, and can thus be used as a synonym for "prosthesis." This ambiguity
can be especially confusing if the article is written in a foreign language with
an author-supplied title translation.
Implantgetragener Zahnersatz.
[Implant-supported restorations]
* DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED
* DENTURE, OVERLAY
Not: DENTAL RESTORATION, PERMANENT
The MeSH term DENTAL RESTORATION FAILURE can thus be used for the
failure of any dental prosthesis and is usually IM.
Surgical management of peri-implantitis due to
implant failure.
DENTAL IMPLANTS / *adv eff
PERIODONTITIS / * etiol / *surg
* DENTAL RESTORATION FAILURE
Not: PROSTHESIS FAILURE
26.28.10 The area of endodontics includes a number of possibly confusing
headings.
26.28.10.1 APICOECTOMY refers to "root tip amputation." It is not a synonym
for surgery of the tooth root.
26.28.10.2 Root canal therapy may be direct, i.e., approached from the tooth
crown, or it may be retrograde, i.e., approached through the alveolar bone. The
appropriate subheading coordination for directly approached ROOT CANAL
OBTURATION is /therapy; the subheading used with the organ or disease term in
RETROGRADE OBTURATION is /surg.
26.28.11 Most of the headings in the area of orthodontics are fairly self-
evident. A few exceptions will be noted.
26.28.11.1 ORTHODONTICS refers to the field. Orthodontic treatment is
ORTHODONTICS, CORRECTIVE unless specified as ORTHODONTICS, INTERCEPTIVE or
ORTHODONTICS, PREVENTIVE.
Can orthodontics cause TMJ disorders?
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS / * etiol
ORTHODONTICS, CORRECTIVE / * adv eff
26.28.11.2 Authors often use the words "tooth movement" when referring to the
entire spectrum of physiological and biomechanical processes that go on when
orthodontic forces are applied to bones and teeth.
Alveolar bone remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement.
* TOOTH MOVEMENT
ALVEOLAR PROCESS / * physiol
* BONE REMODELING
Indexers should take care to distinguish orthodontic tooth movement
from TOOTH MIGRATION and TOOTH MOBILITY, i.e., physiologic and pathologic tooth
movement in Categories G and C. The movement of teeth into altered positions
along the line of the dental arch is TOOTH MIGRATION. It may be due to
pathologic changes in the tooth supporting structures, or it may occur as part
of the natural processes of growth. The movement of a tooth in its socket is
TOOTH MOBILITY. Excessive mobility is generally the result of periodontal
disease, but the mobility of deciduous teeth prior to exfoliation is normal.
Also normal is tooth mobility within the elastic limits of the supporting tissue
in response to occlusal forces.
Dental drift in the maturing maxilla.
* TOOTH MIGRATION
MAXILLA / * growth
Tooth mobility and bone loss--"Periotest" results and
radiologic correlations in mandibular atrophy.
TOOTH MOBILITY / * diag
ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS / * radiogr
MANDIBULAR DISEASES / * radiogr
26.28.11.3 TOOTH MOVEMENT refers to orthodontic techniques used to correct
tooth malposition. It implies orthodontic movement of one or more teeth, but
not of a whole section of the dental arch. Terms frequently encountered are
"intrusion," "extrusion," and "uprighting."
26.28.12 In the area of periodontics, the indexer should note that GUIDED
TISSUE REGENERATION is a surgical technique and that it is treed in E6 only and
not also in G4. It is not therefore redundant to index both the technique and
the physiology.
Regeneration of alveolar infrabony defects using GTR.
* GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION
* BONE REGENERATION
ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS / * surg
Periodontal ligament regeneration using resorbable
collagen membranes.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT / * physiol
* REGENERATION
GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION / * methods
* COLLAGEN
If the membrane used is an ordinary nonresorbable one that requires
removal, it is not necessary to add MEMBRANES, ARTIFICIAL routinely, since this
is implied in the concept of guided tissue regeneration.
26.28.13 Prosthodontics is the dental specialty concerned with the
replacement of teeth and contiguous structures with artificial substitutes. It
includes implants, dentures, implant-denture combinations, and replacements for
single teeth as well as parts of teeth.
26.28.13.1 The term DENTURES and its indentions should be used for conventional
full or partial replacements for upper or lower teeth and contiguous structures.
In the case of complete dentures MeSH provides separate terms for upper and
lower dentures. In the case of partial dentures ("bridges") the indexer must
supply the location, usually NIM.
Cingulum bar as a major connector for mandibular removable
partial dentures.
* DENTURE, PARTIAL, REMOVABLE
DENTURE RETENTION / * instrum
MANDIBLE
26.28.13.2 A dental prosthesis may be more or less inclusive than a denture. A
single CROWN is a dental prosthesis; the combination of a denture and the
implant that supports it is a DENTAL PROSTHESIS. Note that the MeSH term CROWNS
always refers to a prosthetic crown, never to the anatomical crown of the tooth
(= TOOTH CROWN).
In practice, the indexer must often use both prosthesis terms and
denture terms to index an article completely.
Implant-supported overdentures for the edentulous maxilla.
* DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED
* DENTURE, OVERLAY
JAW, EDENTULOUS / * rehabil
MAXILLA
A unique method of combining abutment teeth and endosseous
implants for a stable removable prosthesis.
* DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED
DENTAL IMPLANTATION, ENDOSSEOUS / * methods
* DENTAL PROSTHESIS DESIGN
* DENTURE, PARTIAL, REMOVABLE
* DENTAL ABUTMENTS
Note that the term DENTAL ABUTMENTS includes any structure used as
an anchorage for a dental prosthesis. The term appears in MeSH only in the E6
category, but a natural tooth can serve as an abutment and should be so indexed.
26.28.13.3 The use of implants has given rise to a number of new preprosthetic
surgical techniques. One of the most frequently discussed is ALVEOLAR RIDGE
AUGMENTATION, since endosseous implants require sufficient bone structure to
retain them and the edentulous jaw is apt to have suffered severe bone
resorption.
Augmentation of the alveolar ridge with hydroxylapatite.
ALVEOLAR RIDGE AUGMENTATION / * methods
* DURAPATITE
* BONE SUBSTITUTES
Another common pre-implant technique is the "sinus lift procedure,"
in which the surgery is done on the floor of the maxillary sinus rather than on
the alveolar ridge.
Sinus lift grafts and endosseous implants.
ORAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES, PREPROSTHETIC / * methods
MAXILLARY SINUS / * surg
BONE TRANSPLANTATION / * methods
DENTAL IMPLANTATION, ENDOSSEOUS / * methods
*DENTAL IMPLANTS