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A Stereoscopic Palpable and Deformable Model: Lucy 2.5

W.L.Heinrichs, MD,PhD¹, Sakti Srivastava, MD², Joel Brown⁵, J-C Latombe, PhD⁵, Kevin Montgomery, PhD³, Bharti Temkin, PhD⁴, and Parvati Dev, PhD⁶

Departments of Gynecology and Obstetrics¹, Surgery (Anatomy)², Functional Restoration³, Medicine (Medical Information Sciences) ⁶, Computer Science⁵, and SUMMIT (Stanford University Medical Media and Information Technologies) 1,2,6
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, and
⁴ Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX leroy.heinrichs@stanford.edu http://summit.stanford.edu/Lucy/

Abstract
The study of anatomic structures has been accomplished traditionally with cadavers and 2D photographs or line drawings with labels for identifying individual structures. Such standard illustrations are used cognitively by learners for building 3D models of structures in their mind. Following the introduction of tomographic images into radiology practice, slice data have become an important source of images that must be modeled conceptually by students and professionals for identifying anatomic structures. In the past decade, 3D visualization of anatomic structures has become possible, and is replacing the 'reading of radiographic films' for extracting 3D visual concepts. This mode of visual exploration serves well the objective of clinical diagnosis of both normal structures and pathological lesions. Beyond visualization, modeling of 3D structures requires additional software and major creator effort to analyze and segment individual structures, and to create masks that must be fused together to create the models. Because of this laborious effort and the lack of robust and facile segmentation tools, few large 3D models have been constructed. Once developed as surface models, 3D models can be assigned physical properties based upon their volumetric data to allow the models to be manipulated for simulating the responses of tissues and organs. Stereoscopic visualization of 3D scenes is an age-old method now applicable to digital images, however stereoprojection of such images is a technology still in its infancy. Fortunately, the pedagogic value of stereoscopic images can now be evaluated for learning anatomy and basic surgical manipulations.

Keywords: Female pelvic anatomy, organ models, ovariectomy, Stanford Visible Female, Lucy 2.0, surgical simulation, surgical manipulations, tissue deformations, tubal ligation

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