Common Data Elements: Standardizing Data Collection

Why Need Common Data Elements?

Example: Pain Scales

Let’s look at an example of data gathering from healthcare. These are two pain scales.

0 - 10 Numeric Pain Rating Scale

X-Axis scale ranging from 0 or none, 1-3 or mild, 4-6 or moderate, and 7-10 severe

Categorical Scale

Images of 6 faces ranging from No Pain, Hurts a Little, Hurts a Little More, Hurts Even More, Hurts a Whole Lot, and Hurts Most

They both ask the patient to self-report their pain severity on a linear scale, and you might even say that these things are more alike than they are different.

Scenario

To demonstrate, consider the following scenario:

You’ve been experiencing some knee pain whenever you put weight on your right side.

Your general practitioner (GP) uses the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and you rate your pain as 5 (Moderate). But the specialist you are referred to uses the Categorical Scale.

How would you translate your first pain rating to the second scale?

What issues do you notice when trying to do that?

Senior sportswoman with knee pain standing in park stock photo

(Image Source: iStock Photos, boggy22©)

There is a problem translating responses between these two scales. One has 11 possible responses. The other has six. What if you were a researcher who wanted to analyze a large set of data, but one data set used one scale and the other data set used the other?

Here is another scale:

McGill Pain Questionnaire

In the MPQ, the evaluation of pain is divided into three categories: sensory, affective and evaluative. The questionnaire is self-reported and allows individuals to describe the quality and intensity of their pain by using 78 adjectives in 20 different sections. This pain scale demonstrates that different pain syndromes/conditions can be consistently described with specific groups of adjectives.

McGill Pain Index Chart

Shows a Vertical bar chart with levels 0 - 50 by 10. Different painful experiences are listed going up the chart from Fracture at 15 to RSD/CRPS at 45.

Note that the patient answers the questionnaire, their response is calculated into a numeric value, and the value is translated using a chart that reflects a scale. Which of these variables do you record?

What if you collect data using this instrument, and you want to compare the data with another dataset that used one of the previous instruments? These are common challenges of working with and sharing data.

Melzack R. (1975). The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain, 1(3), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5